Titanium concentrate and ilmenite stand as the primary sources of titanium worldwide, playing a vital role in the supply chain of advanced industries. Titanium, renowned for its exceptional properties such as corrosion resistance, high strength, and lightweight nature, is extracted from mineral ores like ilmenite (FeTiO₃) and rutile. The processing of these ores results in titanium concentrate, which is either transformed into titanium dioxide (TiO₂) for pigment applications or …

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