With the rapid expansion of energy storage technologies, the demand for batteries with high energy density, low cost, and environmental compatibility is stronger than ever. In this context, sulfur—an abundant, inexpensive element with unique chemical properties—has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for developing the next generation of batteries. Technologies such as lithium-sulfur (Li–S), sodium-sulfur (Na–S), and more recently, other metal-sulfur batteries showcase the innovative use …

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